As a result, the mercury in the tube descended until there was a 760 mm difference between the mercury levels in the tube and on the surface. A glass tube was filled with mercury, inverted, and submerged in a vessel of mercury. This device relied on the balance between the weight of a column of mercury and the atmospheric pressure. Similarly, in the mid-17th century, Evangelista Torricelli invented the first mercury barometer to measure atmospheric pressure. Image source: Chatsam, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Depending on how high the water rose, it was possible to determine the temperature. When the air in the ball cooled, the air pressure in it lowered, and the water, under the influence of atmospheric pressure, rose up the tube. Having slightly heated the ball, Galileo put the free end of the tube into a vessel with water. It consisted of a glass tube with a glass ball soldered to its end. For example, in the early 17th century, Galileo Galilei invented the first gas thermometer. The earliest meteorological instruments were simple devices to measure temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. Invention and Development of Weather Instruments Though primitive by modern standards, these methods mark early attempts to understand and predict the intricate mechanics of nature. The Egyptians also observed the fauna, including bird migrations and snake behavior, which they thought could anticipate the start of the rainy season. ![]() They developed a sophisticated system of irrigation to manage the floodwaters of the Nile and were keenly aware of the impact of climate on their crops. The ancient Egyptians from 4000 BCE to 400 CE, residing in the Nile Valley, also had a strong connection to nature. Besides, they studied cloud formations, wind patterns, and the behavior of animals. The Babylonians also developed a system of dividing the sky into twelve equal parts, which they called the zodiac. They believed that the positions of stars and planets could help predict weather patterns. The Babylonians, who lived in Mesopotamia from the 18th to the 6th century BCE, could track the movements of celestial bodies. They developed early weather prediction methods based on careful observation of natural phenomena. The weather forecasting history dates back thousands of years, to ancient civilizations such as the Babylonians and Egyptians. ![]() In this article, we’ll focus on forecasting history from ancient times to modern days and see how it has evolved. Accurate prediction of weather provides valuable information that helps us make informed decisions and plan our activities around upcoming weather patterns. Weather forecasting plays a critical role in our daily lives and impacts spheres such as agriculture, transportation, construction, energy production, and emergency management.
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